Calculate energy for phase changes using Q = mL. Find heat of fusion and vaporization for 10 substances with energy breakdowns and comparison tables.
The **Latent Heat Calculator** determines the energy required for phase changes such as melting, freezing, boiling, and condensation using Q = mL. Unlike sensible heating, latent heat transfers energy at constant temperature while molecular bonds break or form.
Water is the clearest example: melting 1 kg of ice at 0°C requires 334 kJ, while boiling 1 kg of water at 100°C requires about 2,260 kJ. That large difference is why steam burns are so much more severe than hot water burns.
This calculator includes 10 built-in substances, supports complete solid-to-gas paths, and breaks the answer into the energy needed for each phase transition so you can compare substances directly.
Phase-change energy is easy to underestimate because the temperature stays fixed while a large amount of energy is being absorbed or released. That matters in HVAC, food processing, metallurgy, cryogenics, and any process where heating and boiling are not the same thing.
Showing the latent heat values and the complete energy breakdown together makes it easier to compare materials and understand which step in the phase change is doing most of the work.
Q = mL Where: Q = heat energy (J), m = mass (kg), L = specific latent heat (J/kg) Complete path: Q_total = mL_f + mc_p(T_boil - T_melt) + mL_v
Result: 3,012,400 J (3,012.4 kJ)
For 1 kg of ice at 0°C to steam at 100°C: Fusion = 1 × 334,000 = 334,000 J. Sensible = 1 × 4,184 × 100 = 418,400 J. Vaporization = 1 × 2,260,000 = 2,260,000 J. Total = 3,012,400 J. Vaporization dominates at 75% of total energy.
Matter exists in three common phases: solid, liquid, and gas. Transitions between phases occur at specific temperatures (at a given pressure) and require or release fixed amounts of energy per unit mass. This energy is "latent" because it hides — the thermometer does not change during the transition.
At the melting point, solid and liquid coexist. Energy input breaks crystal lattice bonds, converting ordered solid into disordered liquid. At the boiling point, liquid and vapor coexist. Energy input overcomes the remaining intermolecular attractions, freeing molecules into the gas phase.
**HVAC and Refrigeration:** Refrigerants exploit the high latent heat of vaporization. R-134a absorbs about 217 kJ/kg when it evaporates in the evaporator coil, cooling the surrounding air. The compressor then forces it back to liquid, releasing this heat outside. The entire cycle depends on latent heat transfer.
**Metallurgy:** Smelting and casting require precise knowledge of fusion latent heats. Melting 1 tonne of iron requires about 247 MJ just for the phase change, plus the sensible heat to reach the melting point. Furnace design and energy budgets depend critically on these values.
Water's massive latent heat of vaporization profoundly affects weather and climate. Tropical oceans evaporate water (absorbing solar energy as latent heat), trade winds carry this moisture to convergence zones, and when it condenses as rain, it releases that stored energy — powering hurricanes, thunderstorms, and the entire atmospheric circulation.
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Vaporization completely separates molecules against all intermolecular forces, while fusion only partially disrupts the crystal structure. In water, L_v/L_f ≈ 6.8, reflecting the much larger energy needed to go from liquid to gas.
No — temperature remains constant during a phase change at equilibrium pressure. All added energy goes into breaking intermolecular bonds (fusion) or overcoming intermolecular attractions (vaporization), not into increasing kinetic energy.
Specific heat (c) relates to temperature changes: Q = mcΔT. Latent heat (L) relates to phase changes at constant temperature: Q = mL. Both describe energy storage in matter, but through different mechanisms.
When 100°C steam contacts skin, it condenses and releases 2,260 kJ/kg of latent heat in addition to the sensible heat. Boiling water at the same temperature only transfers sensible heat — about 5-6× less energy per gram.
The latent heat value L is always positive. However, the sign of the energy transfer depends on direction: melting and boiling absorb heat (endothermic, +Q), while freezing and condensation release heat (exothermic, -Q).
Sublimation (solid directly to gas) has a latent heat approximately equal to L_f + L_v. For water ice, the latent heat of sublimation is about 2,830 kJ/kg. Freeze-drying uses this process to remove water from food.