Absolute Humidity Calculator
Calculate absolute humidity from temperature and relative humidity. Find moisture content in grams per cubic meter for HVAC, weather, and climate analysis.
Free Thermodynamics Calculators
31 toolsHeat transfer, entropy, thermal expansion, and calorimetry calculators. Browse our free thermodynamics tools below — no sign-up required.
Altitude Temperature Calculator
Calculate temperature at any altitude using ISA lapse rate. Find atmospheric pressure, air density, and boiling point changes for aviation and mountaineering.
Black Hole Temperature Calculator
Calculate Hawking temperature of a black hole from its mass. Find event horizon radius, evaporation time, luminosity, and entropy using black hole thermodynamics.
BTU to Tons of Refrigeration Converter
Convert BTU/hr to tons of refrigeration and back. Calculate HVAC cooling capacity, energy costs, and efficiency ratings for air conditioning system sizing.
Calorimetry Calculator
Calculate heat exchange and final equilibrium temperature using Q = mcΔT. Solve calorimetry problems with material database and entropy calculations.
Carnot Efficiency Calculator
Calculate maximum Carnot efficiency for heat engines. Compare ideal vs actual efficiency, find COP for heat pumps, and analyze thermal power cycles.
Dew Point Calculator
Calculate dew point temperature from air temperature and relative humidity using the Magnus formula. Includes comfort scale, wet bulb, cloud base estimation.
Enthalpy Calculator
Calculate enthalpy using H = U + PV. Find enthalpy change, formation enthalpies, and combustion enthalpies with unit conversions and reference data.
Ideal Gas Density Calculator
Calculate gas density using ρ = PM/(RT). Find density of any gas from pressure, temperature, and molar mass with built-in gas database and unit conversions.
Ideal Gas Law Calculator (PV = nRT)
Solve PV = nRT for any variable. Calculate pressure, volume, moles, or temperature of ideal gases with full unit conversions and gas property calculations.
Ideal Gas Pressure Calculator
Calculate gas pressure using P = nRT/V. Find pressure from moles, temperature, and volume with multi-unit output and gas property calculations.
Ideal Gas Temperature Calculator
Calculate gas temperature using T = PV/(nR). Find temperature from pressure, volume, and moles with all temperature scales and molecular kinetics.
Ideal Gas Volume Calculator
Calculate gas volume using V = nRT/P. Find volume from moles, temperature, and pressure with multi-unit results and container size comparisons.
Joule Heating Calculator
Calculate resistive heating energy using Q = I²Rt. Find power dissipation, voltage drop, and wire properties for electrical heating applications.
Latent Heat Calculator
Calculate energy for phase changes using Q = mL. Find heat of fusion and vaporization for 10 substances with energy breakdowns and comparison tables.
Mixed Air Temperature Calculator
Calculate mixed air temperature from 2-3 airstreams in HVAC systems. Find weighted average temperature, flow fractions, and mass flow rates.
Psychrometric Calculator
Calculate psychrometric properties from dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures. Find RH, humidity ratio, enthalpy, dew point, and air density for HVAC design.
Relative Humidity Calculator
Calculate relative humidity from dry-bulb + wet-bulb, dew point, or absolute humidity. Find RH, humidity ratio, dew point, and enthalpy.
Sensible Heat Calculator
Calculate sensible heat transfer rate using Q = mass flow × cp × ΔT. Find heating/cooling loads in kW, BTU/h, and tons for HVAC and process engineering.
Specific Heat Calculator
Calculate specific heat capacity from Q, m, and ΔT. Solve for cp, energy, mass, or temperature with a 17-material database and comparison charts.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law Calculator
Calculate thermal radiation power using P = εσAT⁴. Find radiated power, net heat transfer, peak wavelength, and spectrum position for any temperature.
Thermal Conductivity Calculator
Calculate heat flow using Fourier law q = kAΔT/L. Find R-value, U-value, and heat flux for 14 materials with visual conductivity comparison.
Thermal Diffusivity Calculator
Calculate thermal diffusivity α = k/(ρcp), Fourier number, penetration depth, and characteristic time for 12 materials with visual comparison.
Thermal Efficiency Calculator
Calculate thermal efficiency for Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, and Rankine cycles. Compare actual vs ideal efficiency with energy flow visualization.
Thermal Equilibrium Calculator
Find the final equilibrium temperature when 2-5 bodies with different materials and temperatures reach thermal equilibrium. Visual convergence display.
Thermal Expansion Calculator
Calculate linear, area, and volumetric thermal expansion for 13 materials. Find ΔL = αLΔT, thermal stress, and compare CTE across materials.
Van der Waals Equation Calculator
Solve the van der Waals equation (P + an²/V²)(V − nb) = nRT for real gases. Find volume, compressibility factor Z, and compare with ideal gas behavior.
Virtual Temperature Calculator
Calculate virtual temperature Tv = T(1 + 0.61r) for moist air. Compare dry vs moist air density with humidity effects table and visualization.
Water Heating Calculator
Calculate energy, time, and cost to heat water for any volume. Supports 7 heater types, 4 energy prices, and common container comparison table.
Wet-Bulb Temperature Calculator
Calculate wet-bulb temperature from dry-bulb and relative humidity. Includes dew point, heat index, WBGT, heat stress risk assessment, and RH lookup table.
Wheatstone Bridge Calculator
Calculate unknown resistance using Rx = R3(R2/R1). Find bridge voltage, sensitivity, Thevenin equivalent, and explore balance conditions with visual diagram.