Acceleration Calculator
Calculate acceleration from velocity change and time, force and mass, or centripetal motion. Convert between m/s², g-force, ft/s², and more.
Free Mechanics Calculators
123 toolsForce, motion, energy, work, power, and momentum calculators. Browse our free mechanics tools below — no sign-up required.
Acceleration Due to Gravity Calculator
Calculate gravitational acceleration g at different altitudes, latitudes, and on different celestial bodies including Moon, Mars, and Jupiter.
Alfvén Velocity Calculator
Calculate Alfvén wave speed in plasma from magnetic field strength and mass density. Compare speeds across solar wind, corona, tokamak, and interstellar media.
Angular Acceleration Calculator
Calculate angular acceleration from velocity change, torque/inertia, or linear acceleration. Convert between rad/s², rpm/s, deg/s², and rev/s².
Angular Displacement Calculator
Calculate angular displacement using θ = ωt + ½αt². Find revolutions, degrees, and final velocity for rotational kinematics problems.
Angular Frequency Calculator
Convert between angular frequency (ω), frequency (f), and period (T) using ω = 2πf. Includes RPM, deg/s, and electromagnetic wavelength outputs.
Angular Momentum Calculator
Calculate angular momentum L = Iω for rigid bodies and L = mvr for particles. Explore conservation of angular momentum with before/after scenarios.
Angular Velocity Calculator
Calculate angular velocity from angle/time, RPM, or linear velocity. Convert between rad/s, RPM, deg/s. Find tangential speed at any radius.
API Gravity Calculator
Convert between API gravity and specific gravity for petroleum products. Classify crude oils as light, medium, heavy, or extra heavy with density outputs.
Archimedes' Principle Calculator
Calculate buoyant force, apparent weight, and whether an object floats or sinks using Archimedes' principle. Compare behavior across fluids.
Arrow Speed Calculator
Calculate arrow speed from bow draw weight and draw length, or from chronograph data. Get kinetic energy, momentum, and game suitability analysis.
Bernoulli Equation Calculator
Solve Bernoulli's equation for velocity, pressure, or height between two flow points. Energy balance visualization and fluid reference table included.
Bullet Energy Calculator
Calculate muzzle energy, momentum, and power factor from bullet mass and velocity. Compare calibers and check competition thresholds.
Buoyancy Calculator
Determine if an object floats or sinks, calculate buoyant force, apparent weight, submersion fraction, and payload capacity for various shapes and materials.
Buoyancy Experiment Calculator
Simulate Archimedes' weighing experiment: weigh an object in air and water to find its volume, density, and identify its material from density tables.
Buoyant Force Calculator
Calculate buoyant force for spheres, cubes, cylinders, and boxes in any fluid. Supports partial submersion, multiple fluids, and weight capacity analysis.
Capacitor Energy Calculator
Calculate energy stored in capacitors using E = ½CV². Supports series and parallel combinations with charge, peak current, and RC time constant outputs.
Car Crash Force Calculator
Calculate impact force, G-forces, and crash duration from vehicle speed and crumple zone. Compare seatbelt vs no seatbelt occupant forces.
Centrifugal Force Calculator
Calculate centrifugal force (F = mω²r) from mass, radius, and rotational speed. Supports RPM, rad/s, and velocity inputs with G-force analysis.
Centrifuge Speed Calculator
Convert between RPM and RCF (× g) for centrifuges. Calculate required RPM from g-force or compute RCF from speed and rotor radius.
Centripetal Force Calculator
Calculate centripetal force (F = mv²/r) for circular motion. Solve for force, mass, velocity, or radius with G-force analysis and real-world examples.
Conservation of Momentum Calculator
Calculate elastic and inelastic collision outcomes. Find final velocities, kinetic energy loss, and momentum conservation for two-body collisions and explosions.
Coriolis Effect Calculator
Calculate Coriolis deflection, acceleration, and force for moving objects on a rotating Earth. Analyze projectiles, weather systems, and ocean currents.
Drag Equation Calculator
Calculate aerodynamic and hydrodynamic drag force using the drag equation F_d = ½ρv²C_dA. Includes fluid presets, shape coefficients, velocity-drag tables, and power analysis.
Drift Velocity Calculator
Calculate electron drift velocity in conductors using v_d = I/(nAq). Includes material presets, AWG wire gauges, current density, and traversal time analysis.
Elastic Constants Calculator
Relate Young's modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson's ratio. Find any elastic constant from the others with material presets and conversion formulas.
Elastic Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate energy stored in springs using PE = ½kx². Includes spring arrangements, oscillation frequency, velocity analysis, and energy-displacement tables.
Electric Motor Torque Calculator
Calculate motor torque from power and speed using τ = P/ω. Includes efficiency, unit conversions (N·m, lb·ft, oz·in), speed-torque tables, and NEMA frame reference.
Electron Speed Calculator
Calculate electron speed from kinetic energy or accelerating voltage. Includes relativistic corrections, de Broglie wavelength, classical vs relativistic comparison.
EM Energy Density Calculator
Calculate energy density of electric and magnetic fields using u_E = ½ε₀E² and u_B = B²/(2μ₀). Includes Poynting vector, EM wave analysis, and field comparison tables.
Energy to Wavelength Calculator
Convert between photon energy and wavelength using E = hc/λ. Supports eV, joules, frequency, and nm inputs. Includes EM spectrum reference and common photon energies.
Escape Velocity Calculator
Calculate escape velocity for any celestial body using v_e = √(2GM/r). Includes solar system presets, altitude analysis, orbital velocity, and Schwarzschild radius.
Flywheel Energy Storage Calculator
Calculate energy stored in a spinning flywheel using E = ½Iω². Supports different geometries, RPM-energy tables, rim speed safety analysis, and energy density comparisons.
Foot-Pounds of Energy Calculator
Convert foot-pounds to joules, BTU, calories, and kWh. Ballistic muzzle energy calculator from projectile mass and velocity with common cartridge comparison table.
Force and Mass Acceleration Calculator (F=ma)
Newton's second law F=ma calculator. Solve for force, mass, or acceleration with full unit conversions between N, kN, lbf, kg, lb, and more.
Free Fall Calculator
Calculate free fall distance, time, and velocity. Solve for any variable with optional initial velocity, planetary gravity comparison, and distance-time tables.
Free Fall Distance Calculator
Calculate how far an object falls in a given time under gravity. Distance-time tables, planetary comparisons, height equivalents bar chart, and energy analysis.
Free Fall Height Calculator
Calculate fall time and impact speed from height. Landmark comparisons, survivability guide, height-time-speed tables, and visual bar chart for famous structures.
Free Fall Time Calculator
Calculate how long an object takes to fall a given distance or reach a given velocity. Includes planetary comparison, distance-time tables, and timing visualization.
Free Fall Velocity Calculator
Calculate the velocity of a falling object from time or distance. Speed context chart, velocity build-up tables, Mach number, kinetic energy, and momentum analysis.
Free Fall with Air Resistance Calculator
Simulate free fall with drag using numerical integration. Calculate terminal velocity, real vs ideal fall distance, time-velocity tables, and compare drag profiles for different objects.
Friction Calculator
Calculate static and kinetic friction forces. Supports inclined surfaces, applied forces, material coefficient lookup table, angle analysis, and force diagrams.
Friction Coefficient Calculator
Determine the coefficient of friction from force measurements, inclined plane angle, or braking deceleration. Reference table, stopping distances, and classification scale.
Friction Factor Calculator (Darcy-Weisbach)
Calculate Darcy and Fanning friction factors for pipe flow. Moody chart calculation with Colebrook-White equation, Reynolds number, pipe material roughness, and head loss per meter.
Friction Force Calculator
Calculate friction force for flat and inclined surfaces with applied forces. Decompose weight into normal and parallel components, find if an object slides, and compare surface materials.
G-Force Calculator
Calculate g-force from linear acceleration, circular motion, or impact deceleration. Includes human tolerance reference, danger level assessment, and centripetal/impact analysis tables.
Gear Ratio & Speed Calculator
Calculate output speed, torque, and mechanical advantage from gear teeth counts. Supports single and compound gear trains with efficiency losses.
Gear Ratio Calculator
Calculate gear ratio from tooth counts, output speed and torque, mechanical advantage, and power transfer. Supports single and compound 2-stage gear trains with efficiency loss.
Gear Ratio RPM Calculator
Calculate output RPM from gear ratio and motor speed, find required ratio for a target RPM, or determine needed motor speed. Multi-stage support with standard motor speed reference.
Gravitational Force Calculator
Calculate gravitational force between two masses using Newton's law of universal gravitation F = Gm₁m₂/r². Includes escape velocity, orbital speed, and potential energy.
Ground Speed Calculator
Calculate aircraft ground speed from true airspeed, wind speed, and wind direction. Includes headwind/crosswind components and wind correction angle.
Hooke's Law Calculator
Calculate spring force, stiffness, or displacement using Hooke's Law F = kx. Supports series and parallel spring configurations with oscillation frequency.
Hoop Stress Calculator
Calculate hoop stress, axial stress, and Von Mises stress in thin-walled pressure vessels. Supports cylinders and spheres with safety factor analysis.
Impact Energy Calculator
Calculate impact energy from mass and drop height or velocity. Includes impact force, deceleration in g, dynamic load factor, and Charpy test reference data.
Impulse & Momentum Calculator
Calculate impulse, force, and velocity change using the impulse-momentum theorem J = FΔt = mΔv. Includes force-time trade-off visualization and sports examples.
Inclined Plane Calculator
Calculate forces on an inclined plane: normal force, parallel component, friction, net force, and acceleration. Supports applied forces and friction coefficients.
Inductor Energy Calculator
Calculate energy stored in an inductor using E = ½LI². Includes time constant, inductive reactance, impedance, and L/R current rise visualization.
Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate kinetic energy, mass, or velocity using KE = ½mv². Includes stopping distance, momentum, energy unit conversions, and speed comparison table.
Lever Calculator
Calculate effort force, load, fulcrum position, and mechanical advantage for all three lever classes. Includes torque balance and common lever examples.
Lift Coefficient Calculator
Calculate lift coefficient (C_L), lift force, and aerodynamic parameters from angle of attack, airspeed, wing area, and air density. Includes airfoil data table.
Linear Actuator Force Calculator
Calculate extend and retract forces for hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders from system pressure, bore diameter, and rod diameter. Includes friction loss and ISO bore sizes.
Lorentz Force Calculator
Calculate the Lorentz force F = q(E + v×B) on a charged particle in electric and magnetic fields. Includes cyclotron radius, frequency, and force decomposition.
Magnetic Force Between Wires Calculator
Calculate the magnetic force per unit length between two parallel current-carrying wires using F/L = μ₀I₁I₂/(2πd). Includes AWG reference table.
Magnetic Force on Wire Calculator
Calculate the force on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field using F = BIL sin θ. Includes force-vs-angle chart and magnetic field reference table.
Magnitude of Acceleration Calculator
Calculate the magnitude of acceleration from x, y, z components or tangential and centripetal decomposition. Includes g-force conversion and reference table.
Magnus Force Calculator
Calculate the Magnus force on a spinning ball — deflection, spin parameter, and lateral acceleration for baseball, soccer, tennis, golf, and more. Includes sports reference table.
Mechanical Advantage Calculator
Calculate ideal and actual mechanical advantage for all six simple machines: lever, pulley, wedge, screw, wheel & axle, and inclined plane. Includes efficiency and work analysis.
Momentum Calculator
Calculate linear momentum (p = mv), elastic and inelastic collisions, kinetic energy transfer, and conservation of momentum. Includes collision type reference.
Muzzle Velocity Calculator
Estimate muzzle velocity from barrel length, powder charge, and bullet mass using energy balance or average pressure methods. Includes kinetic energy and cartridge reference.
Normal Force Calculator
Calculate the normal force on an object on a flat or inclined surface with optional applied force and friction. Includes force decomposition and friction reference.
Orbital Velocity Calculator
Calculate circular orbital velocity, period, and escape velocity for any altitude around Earth, Mars, Moon, Jupiter, Sun, or a custom body. Includes orbit types reference.
Particle Acceleration in Electric Field Calculator
Calculate the acceleration of charged particles (electrons, protons, alpha) in electric fields using F=qE and a=qE/m with energy and velocity outputs.
Particle Velocity (Maxwell-Boltzmann) Calculator
Calculate RMS, mean, and most probable molecular velocities from the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Includes kinetic energy, mean free path, and gas speed reference.
Pendulum Frequency Calculator
Calculate pendulum frequency, period, and angular velocity for simple and physical pendulums. Includes large-angle correction, energy analysis, and period vs length chart.
Pendulum Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate kinetic and potential energy of a simple pendulum at any angle. Energy conservation, velocity, and height analysis.
Pendulum Period Calculator
Calculate the period of a simple pendulum using T = 2π√(L/g). Includes large-angle elliptic integral correction for valid inputs.
Photon Energy Calculator
Calculate photon energy from wavelength or frequency using E = hf = hc/λ. Results in eV and joules with EM spectrum comparison.
Physical Pendulum Calculator
Calculate the period of a physical (compound) pendulum using T = 2π√(I/mgd). Common shapes with moment of inertia presets.
Pipe Friction Loss Calculator (Darcy-Weisbach)
Calculate head loss and pressure drop in pipes using the Darcy-Weisbach equation. Compare pipe materials, sizes, and flow conditions for plumbing, HVAC, and hydraulic systems.
Piston Force Calculator
Calculate hydraulic and pneumatic piston force from pressure and bore diameter. Extend and retract forces with rod area correction.
Piston Speed Calculator
Calculate mean piston speed from stroke and RPM. Key engine performance metric for reliability and design limits.
Pneumatic Cylinder Force Calculator
Calculate pneumatic cylinder extend and retract force from air pressure and bore diameter. Includes rod area correction and air consumption.
Potential Energy Calculator
Calculate gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh. Includes height, mass solver, planetary comparison, and impact velocity.
Principal Stress Calculator
Calculate principal stresses σ₁, σ₂ from σ_x, σ_y, τ_xy using Mohr's circle. Von Mises, Tresca yield criteria and safety factors.
Pulley System Calculator
Calculate mechanical advantage, effort force, and rope length for pulley systems. Simple, compound, and block-and-tackle configurations.
Recoil Energy Calculator
Calculate firearm recoil energy from bullet mass, velocity, powder charge, and gun weight. Momentum conservation physics.
Relativistic Velocity Addition Calculator
Calculate relativistic velocity addition u = (v+w)/(1+vw/c²). Compare Einstein vs Galilean results with visual bars and Lorentz factors.
Resultant Force Calculator
Calculate the resultant of multiple concurrent forces using vector addition. Find magnitude, direction, and equilibrant force.
Resultant Velocity Calculator
Calculate resultant velocity from vector addition of object and medium velocities. Boat crossing river, airplane in wind scenarios.
RMS Speed Calculator
Calculate root-mean-square speed of ideal gas molecules from temperature and molar mass. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution speeds.
Rotational Kinetic Energy Calculator
Calculate rotational kinetic energy from moment of inertia and angular velocity. Includes common shapes and flywheel energy storage.
Rotational Stiffness Calculator
Calculate torsional spring rate from torque and twist angle or shaft properties. Rotational stiffness for shafts, springs, and bushings.
Shear Modulus Calculator
Calculate shear modulus (G) from stress/strain or elastic constants. Includes bulk modulus and material comparison table.
Shear Strain Calculator
Calculate shear strain from lateral displacement and thickness or from shear stress and modulus. Visualize shear deformation.
Shear Stress Calculator
Calculate direct, beam, and torsional shear stress. Includes stress distribution, safety factors, and bolt sizing tables.
Shear Wave Velocity Calculator
Calculate shear wave speed from shear modulus and density. Compare S-wave, P-wave, and Rayleigh wave velocities across materials.
Simple Pendulum Calculator
Calculate simple pendulum period, frequency, energy, and speed. Includes exact large-angle correction and energy distribution analysis.
Specific Gravity Calculator
Calculate specific gravity, density, and API gravity. Convert between SG, kg/m³, and °API. Includes buoyancy analysis and 20+ substance reference.
Specific Impulse Calculator
Calculate rocket specific impulse, exhaust velocity, delta-V, and thrust. Compare 13 propellant types from cold gas to ion drives.
Speed of Light Calculator
Calculate speed of light in various media from refractive index. Travel time, wavelength shift, critical angle, and 16-medium comparison table.
Speed of Sound Calculator
Calculate speed of sound in ideal gases from temperature and properties. Mach number, travel time, and comparison across 10 gases and 15 solids/liquids.
Speed of Sound in Solids Calculator
Calculate the speed of longitudinal sound waves in solids using Young's modulus and density. Compare materials with acoustic impedance data.
Speeds and Feeds Calculator
Calculate CNC machining speeds and feeds: RPM, feed rate, material removal rate from material, tool diameter, and flutes. Metric and imperial.
Spring Calculator
Calculate spring force, displacement, energy storage, and stress. Supports compression, extension, and torsion springs in series and parallel.
Spring Rate Calculator
Calculate spring rate k = Gd⁴/(8D³N) from wire diameter, coil diameter, active coils, and material shear modulus. Includes stress analysis.
Stress Calculator
Calculate normal stress σ = F/A for tensile, compressive, bearing, and shear loading. Safety factor analysis with material yield strength comparison.
Stress Concentration Factor Calculator
Calculate stress concentration factor Kt for holes, fillets, notches, and grooves. Compare nominal vs. peak stress with fatigue notch factor.
Surface Tension Calculator
Calculate surface tension effects: capillary rise, droplet pressure, bubble pressure, and contact angle. Liquid database with comparison table.
Tension Calculator
Calculate tension in ropes and cables for hanging bodies, Atwood machines, inclined planes, and pulley systems. Free body diagram analysis.
Terminal Velocity Calculator
Calculate terminal velocity v_t = √(2mg/ρCdA) for objects falling through fluids. Skydiver, raindrop, and sports ball presets included.
Thermal Energy Calculator
Calculate heat energy (Q = mcΔT) for any material. Convert between joules, calories, BTU, and kWh with heating time estimates.
Thermal Stress Calculator
Calculate thermal stress (σ = EαΔT) in constrained members. Compare materials, find critical temperature change, and check yield safety factors.
Torsional Spring Calculator
Calculate torsional spring rate, deflection angle, bending stress, and stored energy. Built-in wire material database with safety factor analysis.
True Airspeed Calculator
Calculate true airspeed (TAS) from indicated airspeed, altitude, and temperature. Find Mach number, density altitude, and ISA deviation.
True Strain Calculator
Calculate true (logarithmic) strain vs engineering strain from specimen lengths. Compare strain measures with progressive table and stress conversion.
Velocity Calculator
Calculate velocity from distance and time or kinematic equations. Convert between m/s, km/h, mph, ft/s, and knots with reference comparisons.
Von Mises Stress Calculator
Calculate Von Mises equivalent stress from general or principal stresses. Compare with Tresca criterion, find safety factors for 7 materials.
Warp Speed Calculator
Convert Star Trek warp factors to multiples of light speed. Compare TOS and TNG scales with travel times to real astronomical destinations.
Wave Speed Calculator
Calculate wave speed, frequency, and wavelength using v = fλ. Supports sound waves, electromagnetic waves, and water waves with medium-specific speeds.
Wave Velocity Calculator
Calculate phase velocity and group velocity of waves. Explore dispersion in ocean waves, plasma, optical fiber, and custom media with frequency sweeps.
Wavelength to Energy Calculator
Convert between wavelength, frequency, and photon energy using E = hc/λ. Supports eV, Joules, kJ/mol, and wave number for the full electromagnetic spectrum.
Work and Power Calculator
Calculate mechanical power using P = W/t and P = Fv. Supports efficiency modeling, unit conversions (watts, hp, BTU/hr), and real-world power comparisons.
Work Calculator
Calculate work done by a force using W = Fd cos θ. Supports friction, inclined planes, and springs with energy unit conversions and angle-effect analysis.